Objective: To evaluate the effects of perioperative precision nutrition treatment on controlling the postoperative complications of esophageal cancer. Methods: The patients who received the radical resection of esophageal cancer were divided into two groups. The patients in experimental group were undergoing the perioperative precision nutrition treatment including nutrition risk screening, personalized nutrition support programs and quality control, while the patients in other group were given convention nursing. The nutrition indexs, average hospitalization days and postoperative complications were analyzed between two groups. Results: The nutritive indexes in experimental group were superior to that of control group at 1 week, 2 weeks after operation (P<0.05). And there were a lower incidence of pulmonary infection and shorter hospitalization days in experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The perioperative precision nutrition treatment could improve the nutrition condition of patients with esophageal cancer, decrease the postoperative complications and reduce the operative risk.