Objective: To investigate the status of self-efficacy and health locus of control in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD), and analyze the relationship between them.Methods: 302 patients with peritoneal dialysis were investigated by the general information questionnaire, Self-efficacy for chronic disease patients and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale.Results: The self-efficacy score of peritoneal dialysis patients was (5.48+1.08). Univariate analysis showed that medical expenses payment and dialysis time of patients with peritoneal dialysis were the influence factors of self-efficacy (P<0.05). The score of healthy powerful others control (28.98+3.29) was highest, while the score of healthy chance control (13.25+1.43) was the lowest. The scores of health internal control and healthy powerful others control were higher than the norms, while the scores of healthy chance control were lower than the norms, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed the scores of self-efficacy and the two dimensions were positively correlated with healthy internal control in PD patients, while the scores of self-efficacy and the dimensions of disease common management were positively correlated with healthy powerful others control in peritoneal dialysis patients (P<0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the health internal control, whether there are complications of peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal dialysis time and payment of medical expenses can predict the self-efficacy of patients, explaining 33.70% of the variance.Conclusion: The health locus of control of PD patients was mainly healthy powerful others control, self-efficacy was in the medium level. Therefore, the nursing staff can adopt the corresponding strategies to improve self-efficacy of patients with peritoneal dialysis, according to the type of health locus of control and the characteristics of the disease.